Advantages and disadvantages of a testing system in education Research Proposal

Advantages and disadvantages of a testing system in education - Research Proposal Example Pedagogy depends on the capability of a teacher to test student's knowledge of the material.Testing serves a number of functions,which are the measurement of progress a student is making,and the provision of an incentive for a student to learn the material Without testing, teachers would rely on faith that their students have learning as one of their goals; however, this assumption, especially in the era of compulsory education, is simply out of touch with reality. Having established that testing is a necessary component of teaching, the question then becomes what kinds of testing are most effective in achieving the established ends of teaching, and how does one design a test that achieves these ends. To answer this question, one must consider the context (and the material) being taught and, instead of relying on generalizations, decide based on the costs of efficiency versus effectiveness in measuring genuine knowledge of the material. Although some tend to focus more on efficiency (standardized testing) and others on effectiveness (non-standardized testing), it seems the most appropriate, wide-reaching solution to the problem lies somewhere in the middle. A standardized test is a measurement instrument that is distributed and scored in a standard manner; that is, it is constructed with a particular set of conditions, questions, and scoring procedures that do not differ between individuals (Popham). Popular methods used on a standardized test include multiple-choice questions, which can be quickly and objectively scored on a large scale, making them cost-efficient and time-efficient to use. In contrast, a non-standardized test is a measurement instrument that gives different test takers a different exam, or relies on subjective or partially subjective criteria in the scoring of answers given on a completed test. Common methods used in non-standardized testing are essay questions, mathematical calculations, and open-ended responses. One advantage of standardize d testing is that the results of such tests are empirically useful in terms of a large scale. For instance, public policy decisions can be made by looking at decreasing state-administered tests in public schools if deficiencies in a particular subject are patent. Also, because scores are objectively scored and documented, it is possible to demonstrate validity and reliability with a controlled experiment. If two children from the same classroom score in the same range, it could be said the test is a valid instrument for measuring knowledge. When a test is statistically reliable, it can be shown to be replicable on a larger scale (Kuncel and Hezlett). Aggregation is a term that refers to the collection of scores on the same test from many different test takers; this provides a mean, or benchmark, against which an individual test taker can be evaluated comparatively. This can provide useful information above and beyond subjective assessments from individuals in that elimination based on standardized scores can narrow a search for individuals based on objective criteria and thus make a search procedure more efficient in a useful sort of way. In addition, it is often said this use of objective standards for comparing individuals is fairer than other methods, which may take into account other factors that use subjective methods. Critics of standardized testing believe it is restrictive in that it necessarily confines and segments knowledge into rigid categories, focusing more on broad swathes of reading and math skills, as opposed to initiative, creativity, imagination, conceptual thinking, curiosity, effort, irony, judgment, commitment, nuance, good will, ethical reflection, or a host of other valuable dispositions and attributes†, which some believe are virtues for accomplished students and successful adults that are simply ignored under the standardized testi

What are the main barriers to effective interpersonal communication Essay

What are the main barriers to effective interpersonal communication and how might they be overcome - Essay Example (Agricultural Communications, 1999) Emotion is a strong force. When people are emotional, it usually makes communication ineffective because they cannot think clearly. For instance, a person who is very angry might use words that show frustration and anger that might end up delivering the wrong message to the recipient. Moreover, sometimes, the recipient might only hear the words, but miss out the feelings attached to them. For instance, â€Å"I am not bothered† might project unhappiness, fear, boredom, or other similar feelings. It is therefore very important for the recipient to not only hear the words being communicated, but also to combine the words and the feelings together in order to understand the message properly. It is also possible that a person, overpowered by emotions, may have his or her mind made up before the communication even starts (Samson & Daft, 2003). For example, an individual who is angry about a subject and about to start an argument with somebody on that very topic will not be ready to compromise on his beliefs. This will make the other person’s efforts of communication ineffective and communication will fail. Each person is different. Due to the different background of experiences in life, every person has a different and unique way of looking at the world. In other words, everyone has a different perception of things around him or her. When a person receives a message, he has a unique way of interpreting the message based on his learning and understanding. This difference in perception can become a barrier for effective communication. (Agricultural Communications, 1999) This barrier can be characterized by a lack of common experience. This also includes the difference in lack of common linguistics. If the parties are not familiar with each others’ languages and vocabularies, then communication will not be effective. Moreover, it is important to understand that a difference in